Regarding posts 354 by LWS and 346 by Dana, these appear to me to be ascoma, fruiting bodies, some open and some closed.
Compare to:
They open like clams. The lid pops off, exposing the white hymenium underneath. More in August 12 and 24 entries here:
http://www.mtaonline.net/~hheffner/MarsLichen.pdf
For some reason my last post was held as spam.
HH