“Baking black opal in the desert sun: The importance of silica in desert varnish”
http://geology.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/34/7/537
“NEW INSIGHTS INTO NATURAL RECORDERS OF PLANETARY SURFACE ENVIRONMENTS: THE ROLE OF SILICA IN THE FORMATION AND DIAGENESIS OF DESERT VARNISH AND SILICEOUS SINTER.”
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2006/pdf/1272.pdf
“How desert varnish forms?”
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005SPIE.5906..276P
I googled "desert varnish" "opal a". These are the first of 27 hits.